Ask A Tester Person: Writing Multiple Tests at Once
It’s time for another episode of Ask A Tester Person…
This is from Jônatas Paganini, writing from Brazil—I’ve paraphrased his question slightly, I hope I’m preserving the original intent.
In response to my advice on Page 11 of Getting Started about not writing too much code without tests, Jônatas asks about the opposite process.
What do you think about write a lot of tests before implementing the code? When running those tests, some of them break and I need to start fixing those tests. Is this a bad practice? I think that when I write just one test at a time I lose focus more easily.
Great question. I have several overlapping responses to this that I hope I can make coherent.
First off, as much as I love talking about theory in software development, practicality is obviously more important. If something works for you, then it works, and you don’t necessarily need to justify it. (That said, it’s always valuable to try new things to find out if there’s another way that works even better…)
As for this specific practice of writing multiple tests before writing code, my basic response is that I’ve generally regretted it the times that I’ve tried it, but that there are cases where it’s appropriate. It’s a much better practice to write a lot of tests first than it is to write a lot of code first.
The problems that I have with writing a bunch of tests up front are kind of subtle, and generally only an issue if you are writing, say, five or test tests in a row. Writing a couple of tests consecutively is usually not a problem, especially if the two tests are related enough to be covered by the same code.
The first problem is that writing all the tests up front tends to take away from the discovery part of the test-first process. Often, especially when writing code that’s not perfectly specified, writing a batch of code will suggest the next test, because there’s a clear weakness in the code that the next test will expose. This process will often lead to cleaner code at the end, I think, because of the way it gets built up in small steps. Writing all the tests at once makes it harder (but not impossible) to have the design emerge in the same way. For that reason, writing multiple tests at once is probably best done when dealing with a well-understood and specified algorithm.
Another way of describing this is to say that the more tests you write, the more the tests need to assume about the structure of code not yet written. You want to be careful that this doesn’t limit the final code. I will often wind up a test-first process with a more elegant solution than I would have imagined at the beginning. I think that going in one test at a time makes that easier.
The bigger problem, at least for me, is that if I write five tests in a row, I’d expect them all to fail. I find it hard to focus on multiple test failures at a time—if I do a refactor that breaks tests, I will often temporarily comment out tests so that I can deal with the broken tests one by one. Again, there are circumstances where this doesn’t apply. Sometimes, you’ll be writing error case tests that you are pretty sure that the code will handle. In that case, there’s less of a problem with writing multiple tests at once.
I do think the RSpec functionality of allowing you to specify the names of future tests without implementing them is often valuable as a partial version of this practice. By doing this you remember any error or unusual cases that you need to test, and you don’t get constrained by having to implement the tests against code that doesn’t yet exist.
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